Misinformation and cyber fraud represent increasingly pervasive threats in rural India, where digital literacy remains limited, and access to secure financial platforms is still in its developmental stages. The intersection of technology and rural socio-economic conditions has led to a growing number of vulnerable populations falling victim to fraud. This case study focuses on Yogita Verma, a resident of Kota village in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh, and her experience with cyber fraud. Her story exemplifies the broader challenges faced by women in rural areas when engaging with digital technologies, highlighting both the socio-economic and cultural barriers that exacerbate their vulnerability.
The digital revolution in India has made significant strides in connecting rural communities to the broader economy. Government schemes like Digital India and initiatives such as PM Wani aim to provide affordable and accessible internet to underserved areas. However, this digital inclusion has outpaced the growth of digital literacy, leaving many individuals, especially women, prone to cyber risks. Women often bear the brunt of these technological disruptions due to limited access to education and financial resources. Additionally, entrenched socio-cultural norms further restrict their ability to safeguard themselves from online threats.
Chhattisgarh, where Yogita Verma resides, presents a unique example of this digital divide. The state has made efforts to uplift its rural population, yet it remains one of the more economically disadvantaged regions in India. Schemes such as the Gauthan Yojana, aimed at promoting sustainable rural livelihoods, involve thousands of women like Yogita who engage in economic activities like cattle management and organic manure production. While these schemes provide financial support, they also expose these women to digital transactions through platforms such as PhonePe and Google Pay, often without sufficient knowledge of safe practices. This creates an environment ripe for cyber fraud.
Yogita Verma is a 35-year-old woman from Kota village in Raipur district, Chhattisgarh. She manages a cowshed as part of a self-help group under the Gauthan Yojana, a government scheme that encourages sustainable practices in cattle management and organic manure production. Like many women in rural India, Yogita leads a modest life, managing her family’s income through small savings. Despite limited formal education, she has learned to use digital payment platforms such as WhatsApp, PhonePe, and Google Pay to manage financial transactions related to her work.
However, Yogita’s understanding of these platforms is basic, and she remains unfamiliar with the advanced security protocols necessary to protect herself from fraud. Her vulnerability to cyber fraud stems from a combination of factors, including her lack of awareness regarding digital security, her reliance on digital platforms for financial transactions, and the socio-economic pressures that make even small financial losses deeply impactful.
On 22nd September 2024, Yogita received a phone call from an individual claiming to be an officer from the Gauthan Yojana. The caller, who was familiar with Yogita’s work, introduced himself as “Sir” and began discussing financial transactions related to her work with the scheme. The caller informed Yogita that Rs 25,000 had been transferred to her account and that he needed a portion of the amount returned to cover administrative expenses.
Believing the caller to be a legitimate authority figure from the Gauthan Yojana, Yogita did not question the request. The fraudster’s use of personal details—such as her name and involvement with the scheme—lent credibility to the conversation. Following his instructions, she transferred Rs 7,000 to the account provided by the fraudster, in several installments of Rs 1,000 and Rs 2,000. It was only when she attempted to transfer more money that her bank intervened, informing her that the transaction could not be completed due to an error. This prompted her to lock her account, narrowly preventing a total loss of Rs 25,000.
The fraud executed against Yogita Verma was a classic example of social engineering, wherein the attacker used personal details and contextual knowledge to gain her trust. The method employed in this case—impersonating a legitimate official from a government scheme—is increasingly common in rural India. Fraudsters exploit the fact that beneficiaries of schemes like Gauthan Yojana are often required to interact with unfamiliar government officials. By leveraging this trust, fraudsters can convince victims to part with their money.
The technology used in this case was simple but effective. The fraudster contacted Yogita through a phone call and later followed up with messages that mimicked official communications, complete with transaction details that appeared legitimate. Digital payment platforms such as PhonePe and Google Pay, while convenient, have made it easier for fraudsters to prey on individuals with limited digital literacy. The scam relied on the victim’s lack of understanding of how digital transactions work, especially regarding the security protocols for verifying the legitimacy of requests.
The financial impact on Yogita was immediate and severe. As a woman managing her household on a limited income, the loss of Rs 7,000 represented a significant portion of her savings. For families in rural India, even small amounts can disrupt household financial stability. In addition to the monetary loss, Yogita faced emotional distress and a loss of confidence in using digital payment platforms.
The socio-cultural stigma attached to being a victim of fraud further compounded her challenges. Initially hesitant to report the incident, Yogita was concerned that sharing her experience might invite judgment from her community. Women in rural India often face additional scrutiny when dealing with financial matters, and incidents of fraud can be viewed as a reflection of their perceived incompetence in managing money.
Fortunately, Yogita’s plight came to the attention of a local digital literacy advocate, Jyoti, a rural fact-checker (information entrepreneur). Upon learning about the incident, Jyoti visited Yogita and explained the nature of cyber fraud, teaching her about the precautions necessary to avoid such incidents in the future. Jyoti also helped Yogita report the incident to local authorities and her bank, ensuring that no further financial losses occurred.
The intervention of digital literacy advocates like Jyoti is crucial in rural India, where formal education systems often do not address the specific needs of women and other marginalized communities when it comes to digital technologies. Through grassroots initiatives and personal interactions, these advocates play a key role in empowering women like Yogita to navigate the digital landscape more safely.
The case of Yogita Verma is emblematic of the challenges faced by rural women in the digital age. The combination of socio-economic vulnerability, limited digital literacy, and reliance on informal networks makes rural women prime targets for cyber fraud. Furthermore, the lack of robust cybersecurity frameworks at the grassroots level leaves individuals with little recourse once they have fallen victim to fraud.
This case highlights the need for targeted interventions that address both the technological and socio-cultural dimensions of digital fraud in rural India. Digital literacy programs must be tailored to the needs of specific communities, taking into account local languages, cultural practices, and existing levels of technological understanding. Additionally, there is a pressing need for greater regulatory oversight of digital payment platforms, ensuring that security measures are accessible and comprehensible to all users, not just those with high levels of digital literacy.
Yogita Verma’s experience underscores the complexities of digital inclusion in rural India. While initiatives like the Gauthan Yojana offer women new opportunities for economic empowerment, they also expose them to new risks, particularly in the realm of cyber fraud. To ensure that the benefits of digital technologies are equitably distributed, it is essential to invest in digital literacy and cybersecurity measures that protect vulnerable populations. The role of grassroots rural fact-checkers, in bridging the digital divide is invaluable, and their efforts must be supported and scaled to reach more communities across rural India.